A Texas judge has ruled that the Affordable Care Act is unconstitutional. For now, his decision has no immediate effect except to toss another fire bomb at a law that has helped 20-plus million people gain insurance and expanded insurance for almost all Americans by such things as requiring insurers to cover pre-existing conditions.
Based on our expertise as health policy scholars, we argue that the ACA is well-settled law by now. This ruling will likely not undo the law. It does, however, add more uncertainty to the ACA while also showing how much Republicans continue to be willing to fight to destroy the law.
How did we get to the Texas verdict?
Republicans in Congress spent much of 2017 seeking to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act. After repeated failed attempts, they celebrated a victory with the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The tax bill included the repeal of the ACA’s individual shared responsibility penalty, or the penalty imposed on individuals who fail to purchase qualified insurance coverage.
Health policy experts agreed that this would destabilize the individual insurance market without destroying the ACA. And indeed, enrollment in the ACA insurance marketplaces has been decidedly lower this year. Yet, millions of Americans continue to enroll, and a number of states are moving toward expanding Medicaid.
Emboldened by the legislative success of GOP tax reform, however, 20 states, led by Texas and Wisconsin, renewed their efforts to have the ACA declared unconstitutional.
They got every wish. Texas Judge Reed O’Connor struck down the Affordable Care Act as unconstitutional in its entirety.
Politics heavily shaped this case. Republican-led states sought a friendly judge in a Texas district court to yet again challenge the constitutionality of the ACA. And California took over the defense of the ACA when the Department of Justice refused to defend its own law.
While many experts anticipated that Judge O’Connor would rule against the ACA, legal experts from both sides of the aisle were baffled by his legal reasoning and the departing from well-established legal precedent.
What’s in the verdict?
Judge O’Connor’s opinion addresses three issues: standing, constitutionality of the individual mandate, and a legal principle called severability – that is, should the rest of the ACA stand if the individual mandate is held to be unconstitutional.
First, O’Connor agreed with the plaintiffs that they have standing to bring this case. The plaintiffs argued that the individual mandate injures their constitutional rights by forcing them to buy health insurance.
Yet ironically, it is the elimination of the tax penalty that prompted this lawsuit. O’Connor suggested that people will feel nonetheless beholden to follow the law even without the penalty. We find the argument that an unenforced law can cause harm is absurd and merits serious reconsideration on appeal.
Next, O’Connor held that the individual mandate is unconstitutional. In NFIB v. Sebelius, the Supreme Court upheld the individual mandate as a tax. With Congress reducing the individual mandate penalty to zero in the 2017 tax bill, the plaintiffs in the Texas case argue it no longer functions as such.
Yet, we think that once more Judge O’Connor ignored reasonable arguments. For one, California argued there are still ways in which the mandate functions as a tax, as some unpaid funds will still be collected in the future. Additionally, many related provisions of the ACA remain intact such as hardship exemptions and reporting requirements.
Moreover, the original rejection of the individual mandate in NFIB v. Sebelius was that it violated the commerce clause of the Constitution by coercing consumers. This may no longer be valid with the penalty being zeroed out.
This issue is, in some ways, the lowest stakes part of the case, as the new tax law ends the penalty (and effectively the individual mandate) on Jan. 1, 2019. But it does control whether the third issue – severability – arises. And, there is symbolic value in being allowed to say that no aspect of the ACA is unconstitutional.
Last, in what we consider the most drastic and overstepping aspect of the opinion, Judge O’Connor kills the entire ACA. Emphasizing how “essential” the mandate is to the law, he states that Congress would not want any of it to stand without the individual mandate. Yet, Congress did speak in 2017. It did not repeal the whole of the ACA when they effectively wiped out the individual mandate. It must have thought the rest of the ACA could stand without the mandate.
While important, the individual mandate also does not render the ACA completely worthless. The mandate, which had been used as the stick to enforce compliance, may be gone, but carrots like subsidies to purchase insurance remain and will keep many people in the insurance market.
Wending its way to the Supreme Court?
So what’s next? California has indicated that it intends to appeal the matter to the 5th Circuit Court (which covers Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi), but it is possible that Judge O’Connor may sit on the case for a period before this can happen. We believe that if the 5th Circuit is reasonable, it will overturn the verdict.
At the same time, another suit filed in district court in Maryland asks that the ACA be deemed constitutional and that the complete law remain intact.
Actions of these two courts will determine whether there is sufficient uncertainty or danger to the ACA to merit the Supreme Court’s review.
Meanwhile, while heartburn medicine sales may have risen and Twitter has gone alight, in practice, nothing changes. Judge O’Connor did not issue any injunction to stop the enforcement of the ACA. And for now, the Trump administration has indicated that it will continue to enforce the law until ultimately settled.
Ultimately, the weakness of plaintiffs’ case means this litigation will likely end, whenever it does, with the ACA largely intact. But in the meantime uncertainty and confusion will reign, and politicians will spin well-worn narratives that the ACA is fundamentally flawed and unlawful.
What if the ruling is upheld?
If the ruling is ultimately upheld, and the ACA really is dead for good, the changes for the American health care system, and every American, would be dramatic.
Of course, most directly affected would be those Americans who obtained coverage through either the Medicaid expansion or in the insurance marketplaces. The popular provision that allows young adults to stay on their parents’ plan would also be undone.
Any large scale changes would cause dramatic harm to the entire U.S. health care system, and affect each and every American whether they rely on employer-sponsored insurance, other private insurance, or Medicaid and Medicare.
Even eight years after the its passage, many Americans do not fully grasp the sheer reach of ACA provisions. Look no further than its more than a thousand pages as evidence of its depth and scope.
Gone would be relatively minor, albeit important, provisions like requiring fast-food restaurants to post calorie counts, reviewing insurance premium increases by regulators, and taxing tanning beds.
More crucially, gone would be protections for Americans with pre-existing conditions. Gone would also be provisions that eliminate annual and lifetime restrictions by insurers, and the requirement for insurers to provide a minimum level of benefits including mental health, substance abuse and emergency room services.
Gone would also be the filling of the Medicare Part D donut hole that hurt many seniors.
Gone would be provisions that combat fraud and abuse in Medicaid and Medicare.
Gone would be provisions for coal miners suffering from black lung and their survivors.
Gone would be efforts to improve provider quality, medical innovation, and data collection efforts to reduce health disparities.
The list keeps going.
As we stated before, we believe the ACA should be settled law both in the courts of law and public opinion. It should also finally be settled in the court of politics.
In our view, this frivolous lawsuit and the equally frivolous ruling should not distract us from the serious work ahead in addressing the inadequacies of the American health care system.
Simon is a Fellow in the Interdisciplinary Research Leaders Program, a national leadership development program supported by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to equip teams of researchers and community partners in applying research to solve real community problems.
Valarie Blake does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
